Publicación: You, fag, daddy: current forms of treatment of the second person singular in the Venezuelan Andes
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Universidad Industrial de Santander
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El principal objetivo de este texto consiste en dar cuenta de las formas de tratamiento de segunda persona del singular usted / tú / vos usadas actualmente en los Andes de Venezuela y escudriñar su uso en diferentes contextos situacionales de la comunicación. Tres aspectos se abordan en este estudio: en primer lugar, en Venezuela es común hacer la distinción social de distancia y cercanía, de solidaridad y poder entre el usted y el tú. No obstante, en los últimos tiempos han aparecido expresiones con formas verbales de usted y tú entreveradas. Se produce una alternancia total. El segundo aspecto a considerar es que hasta el siglo XVIII en la región andina venezolana se utilizaba el vos como forma de tratamiento de segunda persona y era posible la distinción entre el voseo zuliano y el voseo andino. Hoy día el vos ha desaparecido del ámbito andino venezolano. Ya no se vosea en Mérida, ni en el Táchira y los únicos que siguen voseando en la zona andina son los trujillanos, sin embargo, en la actualidad se observan distintos grados de alternancia que se producen por el empleo de los pronombres usted / tú / vos. El tercer aspecto a desarrollar tiene relación con el uso de la palabra marico(a) que se halla en una fase de transición de insulto a marcador pragmático anticortés que indica solidaridad y está perdiendo su carácter ofensivo. El tema es propicio para dar cuenta del manejo de palabras como amigo, bicho, brother (bro), buey, caballero, catire, coñito, chamo, chico, gallo, huevón (güevón), loco, mama h…, menor (menol), mi rey, nené, pajuo, pana, pelao, perro, viejo y papi para dirigirse al interlocutor inmediato. El material de este estudio se basa en la encuesta personal a hablantes seleccionados al azar, efectuada entre los años 2016 y 2020. No se realiza estratificación del grupo de estudio y los encuestados son sujetos de diferentes edades, sexo, estrato social y educativo. Todos residenciados en la zona andina venezolana aunque no necesariamente nacidos allí. La técnica utilizada para recolectar y registrar la información es la encuesta personal. El instrumento consiste en un listado de preguntas cerradas y abiertas, previamente establecidas relacionadas con las variables a medir que se aplican por medio de un cuestionario que se proporciona directamente a los participantes quienes lo contestan.
The main objective of this text is to give an account of the forms of treatment of the second person singular you / vos currently used in the Andes of Venezuela and to scrutinize their use in different situational contexts of communication. Three aspects are addressed in this study: first, in Venezuela it is common to make the social distinction of distance and closeness, of solidarity and power the you. However, in recent times expressions have appeared with verb forms of you intertwined. There is a total alternation. The second aspect to consider is that until the eighteenth century in the Venezuelan Andean region the you (vos / voseo in Spanish, form of treatment of the second person singular that does not exist in English. The name is kept in Spanish for the study) was used as a form of second-person treatment and the distinction between the zulian voseo and the andean voseo was possible. Today the “vos” has disappeared from the Andean area the Venezuelan. It is no longer “vosea” in Mérida, nor in Táchira and the only people who continue to using this treatment in the Andean area are the Trujillo, however, at present there are different degrees of alternation that are produced by the use of the pronouns. The third aspect to be developed is related to the use of the word fag, which is in a phase of transition from an insult to a pragmatic anti-courteous marker that indicates solidarity —as a synonym for friend— and is losing its offensive character. The topic is conducive to giving an account of the handling of words such as friend, bug, brother (bro), ox, gentleman, fair, pussy, kid, boy, rooster, jerk, crazy, minor, my king, baby, corduroy, dog, old man and daddy to address the immediate interlocutor. The material of this study is based on a personal survey of randomly selected speakers, carried out between the years 2016 and 2020. No stratification of the study group is carried out and the respondents are subjects of different ages, sex, social and educational stratum. All resided in the Venezuelan Andean zone although not necessarily born there. The technique used to collect and record the information is the personal survey. The instrument consists of a list of closed and open questions, previously established related to the variables to be measured, which are applied through a questionnaire that is provided directly to the participants who answer it.
The main objective of this text is to give an account of the forms of treatment of the second person singular you / vos currently used in the Andes of Venezuela and to scrutinize their use in different situational contexts of communication. Three aspects are addressed in this study: first, in Venezuela it is common to make the social distinction of distance and closeness, of solidarity and power the you. However, in recent times expressions have appeared with verb forms of you intertwined. There is a total alternation. The second aspect to consider is that until the eighteenth century in the Venezuelan Andean region the you (vos / voseo in Spanish, form of treatment of the second person singular that does not exist in English. The name is kept in Spanish for the study) was used as a form of second-person treatment and the distinction between the zulian voseo and the andean voseo was possible. Today the “vos” has disappeared from the Andean area the Venezuelan. It is no longer “vosea” in Mérida, nor in Táchira and the only people who continue to using this treatment in the Andean area are the Trujillo, however, at present there are different degrees of alternation that are produced by the use of the pronouns. The third aspect to be developed is related to the use of the word fag, which is in a phase of transition from an insult to a pragmatic anti-courteous marker that indicates solidarity —as a synonym for friend— and is losing its offensive character. The topic is conducive to giving an account of the handling of words such as friend, bug, brother (bro), ox, gentleman, fair, pussy, kid, boy, rooster, jerk, crazy, minor, my king, baby, corduroy, dog, old man and daddy to address the immediate interlocutor. The material of this study is based on a personal survey of randomly selected speakers, carried out between the years 2016 and 2020. No stratification of the study group is carried out and the respondents are subjects of different ages, sex, social and educational stratum. All resided in the Venezuelan Andean zone although not necessarily born there. The technique used to collect and record the information is the personal survey. The instrument consists of a list of closed and open questions, previously established related to the variables to be measured, which are applied through a questionnaire that is provided directly to the participants who answer it.