Neuropatía inducida por el tratamiento médico del cáncer
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Universidad Industrial de Santander
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Los avances recientes en el tratamiento de las enfermedades neoplásicas han mejorado las tasas de supervivencia. Las intervenciones médicas generan diversos efectos adversos agudos que comprometen el tracto gastrointestinal y la médula ósea, mientras la neurotoxicidad tiende a ser tardía y evoluciona en el tiempo. En el sistema nervioso periférico es frecuente documentar la neuropatía inducida por el tratamiento médico del cáncer, hallazgo relacionado con la administración de agentes quimioterapéuticos utilizados para controlar los tumores hematológicos y sólidos. El tratamiento oncológico genera una gran variedad de cambios estructurales y funcionales en los nervios periféricos, incluyendo la afectación de los cuerpos neuronales del sistema de transporte axonal, del recubrimiento mielínico y de las estructuras de soporte glial. Cada agente presenta un espectro de toxicidad único que se relaciona con su mecanismo de acción, eventos que pueden mitigarse gracias a los resultados de múltiples estudios. Gracias al reconocimiento de los efectos devastadores de la neuropatía inducida por el tratamiento médico del cáncer en la calidad de vida, la investigación básica y clínica ha empezado a evaluar el papel de múltiples terapias para prevenir y tratar el daño neurológico. Esta revisión integra información seleccionada a partir de búsquedas estructuras realizadas en las bases de datos biomédicas más relevantes, haciendo énfasis en el diagnóstico y en las intervenciones farmacológicas y no farmacológicas descritas como parte del manejo de la neuropatía inducida por el tratamiento médico del cáncer, que con frecuencia es subvalorada. En conclusión, la información disponible hasta el momento permite establecer los mecanismos de la enfermedad y sugiere el desarrollo de un número mayor de estudios que permitan validar las estrategias descritas hasta el momento. (MÉD.UIS. 2010;23(2):100-19).
Palabras clave: Neuropatía periférica. Neoplasia. Enfermedad de los nervios periféricos. Quimioterapia. Taxanos. Vincristina. Cisplatino. Agentes antineoplásicos. Efectos adversos.
Recent advances in the development and administration of therapy for malignant diseases have been rewarded with prolonged survival rates. Unlike more immediate toxicities that affect the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow, chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is frequently delayed in onset and may progress over time. In the peripheral nervous system, the major brunt of the toxicity is directed against the peripheral nerve, resulting in cancer therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat hematologic and solid tumors target a variety of structures and functions in the peripheral nervous system, including the neuronal cell body, the axonal transport system, the myelin sheath, and glial support structures. Each agent exhibits a spectrum of effects unique to its mechanism of action, and recent studies in this field have yielded clearer ideas on how to mitigate injury. Combined with the call for a greater recognition of the devastating effects of cancer therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy on quality of life, basic and clinical researchers have begun to investigate therapy to prevent and treat neurologic damage. This review was made based on relevant information avaliable on international databases concerning cancer therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and summarizes the evidence for diagnosis, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to the management of this commonly unrecognized condition. In conclusion, the information avaliable in this moment establish the mechanisms of the disease and exposes the importance of the development of statistically stronger clinical trials that complement current data available in this moment. (MÉD.UIS. 2010;23(1):100-19) Key words: Peripheral neuropathy. Neoplasm. Peripheral nervous system diseases/chemicall induced. Chemotherapy. Taxane. Vincristine. Cisplatin. Antineoplastic agents. Adverse effects.
Recent advances in the development and administration of therapy for malignant diseases have been rewarded with prolonged survival rates. Unlike more immediate toxicities that affect the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow, chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is frequently delayed in onset and may progress over time. In the peripheral nervous system, the major brunt of the toxicity is directed against the peripheral nerve, resulting in cancer therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat hematologic and solid tumors target a variety of structures and functions in the peripheral nervous system, including the neuronal cell body, the axonal transport system, the myelin sheath, and glial support structures. Each agent exhibits a spectrum of effects unique to its mechanism of action, and recent studies in this field have yielded clearer ideas on how to mitigate injury. Combined with the call for a greater recognition of the devastating effects of cancer therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy on quality of life, basic and clinical researchers have begun to investigate therapy to prevent and treat neurologic damage. This review was made based on relevant information avaliable on international databases concerning cancer therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and summarizes the evidence for diagnosis, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to the management of this commonly unrecognized condition. In conclusion, the information avaliable in this moment establish the mechanisms of the disease and exposes the importance of the development of statistically stronger clinical trials that complement current data available in this moment. (MÉD.UIS. 2010;23(1):100-19) Key words: Peripheral neuropathy. Neoplasm. Peripheral nervous system diseases/chemicall induced. Chemotherapy. Taxane. Vincristine. Cisplatin. Antineoplastic agents. Adverse effects.